12 Tone Equal Temperament: A Comprehensive Guide
The 12 Tone Equal Temperament, often abbreviated as ET, is a musical system that divides an octave into twelve equal parts. This system is widely used in Western music and has become the standard tuning system for most instruments. In this article, we will delve into the history, theory, and practical applications of the 12 Tone Equal Temperament.
History of the 12 Tone Equal Temperament
The concept of dividing an octave into equal parts dates back to ancient Greece. However, it was not until the 16th century that the 12 Tone Equal Temperament was fully developed. The system was popularized by the German composer and theorist, Johann Sebastian Bach, who used it extensively in his compositions.
One of the key figures in the development of the 12 Tone Equal Temperament was the Italian composer, Girolamo Frescobaldi. In the early 17th century, he published a collection of keyboard music that used the system. This collection was influential in spreading the use of the 12 Tone Equal Temperament among musicians of the time.
Theory of the 12 Tone Equal Temperament
The 12 Tone Equal Temperament divides an octave into twelve equal intervals, each of which is called a semitone. The frequency ratio of each semitone is approximately 1.059463. This means that each semitone is slightly larger than the previous one, creating a unique tuning system that allows for the accurate tuning of all twelve notes in an octave.
One of the advantages of the 12 Tone Equal Temperament is that it allows for the easy transposition of music from one key to another. This is because the intervals between the notes remain the same, regardless of the key. This feature has made the system highly popular among composers and musicians.
Practical Applications of the 12 Tone Equal Temperament
The 12 Tone Equal Temperament is used in a wide range of musical instruments, including pianos, guitars, and orchestral instruments. Here are some of the practical applications of the system:
| Instrument | Application |
|---|---|
| Piano | The piano is one of the most common instruments that use the 12 Tone Equal Temperament. The system allows for the accurate tuning of all the keys on the piano, ensuring that the instrument can play a wide range of music. |
| Violin | The violin is often tuned to the 12 Tone Equal Temperament, allowing violinists to play music in any key without having to retune the instrument. |
| Orchestra | The orchestra uses the 12 Tone Equal Temperament to ensure that all the instruments are tuned to the same standard, allowing for a cohesive sound across the ensemble. |
While the 12 Tone Equal Temperament is widely used, it is not without its critics. Some musicians argue that the system does not accurately represent the natural tuning of the human voice or other instruments. Despite these criticisms, the 12 Tone Equal Temperament remains the dominant tuning system in Western music.
Conclusion
The 12 Tone Equal Temperament is a fundamental concept in Western music, providing a standardized tuning system that allows for the easy transposition of music and the accurate tuning of instruments. Its history, theory, and practical applications make it a fascinating subject for anyone interested in music and its technology.
